module index where


# 1lab🔗

A formalised, cross-linked reference resource for cubical methods in Homotopy Type Theory. Unlike the HoTT book, the 1lab is not a “linear” resource: Concepts are presented as a directed graph, with links indicating dependencies. For instance, the statement of the univalence principle depends on universes, identifications and equivalences. In addition to the hyperlinked “web of concepts” provided by the Agda code, there is a short introduction to homotopy type theory: Start here.

_ : ∀ {ℓ} {A B : Type ℓ} → is-equiv (path→equiv {A = A} {B})
_ = univalence


The purpose of the “web of concepts” approach is to let each reader approach the 1lab at their own pace: If you already know what all of the code above means, you can click on univalence to be taken directly to the construction of the equivalence — but if you don’t, you can click on other definitions like is-equiv and path→equiv, and in turn explore the dependencies of those concepts, and so on.

The 1lab is a community project: we use GitHub for source control and talk on Discord. Our purpose is to make cubical methods in homotopy type theory accessible to, and inclusive of, everyone who is interested, regardless of cultural background, age, ability, ethnicity, gender identity, or expression. Correspondingly, interactions in those forums are governed by the Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct. We believe HoTT is for everyone, and are committed to fostering a kind, inclusive environment.

Mathematics is, fundamentally, a social activity. Correspondingly, we have a page dedicated to letting authors introduce and talk a bit themselves and their other work:

open import Authors


Similarly, we maintain this list of related resources which serve as an introduction to HoTT in general:

• The “canonical” reference is the HoTT Book, written by a variety of mathematicians at the IAS Special Year for Univalent Mathematics, held between 2012-2013 and organised by Steve Awodey, Thierry Coquand, and the late Vladimir Voevodsky.

The Book is often referred to on this site - with those words - so if you don’t know which book “The Book” is, it’s the HoTT book! It’s split into two parts: Type Theory, which introduces the concepts of Homotopy Type Theory with no previous knowledge of type theory assumed; and Mathematics, which develops some mathematics (homotopy theory, category theory, set theory, and real analysis) in this theory.

While the 1Lab is not strictly meant to be a companion to, or a formalisation of, the HoTT book. But since there is significant overlap, one of our pages is simply a list of references to the HoTT book and their correspondent on the 1Lab: HoTT

• Prof. Martín Escardó, at Birmingham, has done a great service to the community by also formalising a great deal of univalent mathematics in Literate Agda, in his Introduction to Univalent Foundations of Mathematics with Agda.

Prof. Escardó’s notes, unlike the 1lab, are done in base Agda, with univalence assumed explicitly in the theorems that need it. This is a principled decision when the goal is introducing univalent mathematics, but it is not practical when the goal is to practice univalent mathematics in Agda.

Even still, that document is much better than this site will ever be as an introduction to the subject! While many of the pages of the 1lab have introductory flavour, it is not meant as an introduction to the subject of univalent mathematics.

• Prof. Favonia has kindly uploaded the outline, videos and lecture notes for their 2020 course on higher-dimensional type theory, which also serves as an introduction to cubical methods in homotopy type theory, aimed at graduate students. You can find the course page here, the videos here on their YouTube, and the notes here (though heed the warning in the README).

• Another comprehensive, formalised Agda resource is the agda-unimath project, though unlike us (and like prof. Escardó’s lecture notes) they make use of axiomatic HoTT: Univalence is a postulate, and thus does not have computational content.

Regardless, they have formalised a great deal of “ordinary” mathematics in the univalent context: elementary number theory, group theory and combinatorics being the most prominent projects.

## Technology🔗

The 1Lab uses Julia Mono as its monospace typeface. Julia Mono is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, v1.1, a copy of which can be found here. As the sans-serif typeface, we use the Inria Sans webfont, and as a serif typeface, EB Garamond. These fonts are both open-source, though rather than rehosting them, we use them from Google Fonts.

Mathematics is rendered using KaTeX, and as so, the 1Lab redistributes KaTeX’s fonts and stylesheets, even though the rendering is done entirely at build-time. KaTeX is licensed under the MIT License, a copy of which can be found here.

Our favicon is Noto Emoji’s ice cube (cubical type theory - get it?), codepoint U+1F9CA. This is the only image from Noto we redistribute. Noto fonts are licensed under the Apache 2.0 License, a copy of which can be found here.

Commutative diagrams appearing in body text are created using quiver, and rendered to SVG using a combination of LaTeX and pdftocairo, part of the Poppler project. No part of these projects is redistributed.

And, of course, the formalisation would not be possible without Agda.

# Type Theory🔗

Most of the modules in the 1Lab assume a baseline knowledge of type theory. For this, read the introduction here.

The first things to be explained are the foundational constructions in (cubical) type theory - things like types themselves, universes, paths, equivalences, glueing and the univalence “axiom”. These are developed under the 1Lab namespace. Start here:

-- All of these module names are links you can click!

open import 1Lab.Type -- Universes

open import 1Lab.Path -- Path types
open import 1Lab.Path.Groupoid  -- Groupoid structure of types
open import 1Lab.Path.Reasoning -- Combinators for reasoning with path composition
open import 1Lab.Path.IdentitySystem -- Families R for which R(x,y) ≃ (x ≡ y)

open import 1Lab.Equiv -- “Contractible fibres” equivalences
open import 1Lab.Equiv.Biinv -- Biinvertible maps
open import 1Lab.Equiv.FromPath -- Transport is an equivalence, cubically
open import 1Lab.Equiv.Embedding -- Embeddings
open import 1Lab.Equiv.Fibrewise -- Fibrewise equivalences

open import 1Lab.HLevel -- h-levels
open import 1Lab.HLevel.Retracts -- Closure of h-levels under retractions/isos
open import 1Lab.HLevel.Universe -- The type of n-types is a (n+1)-type

open import 1Lab.Univalence -- Equivalence is equivalent to identification
open import 1Lab.Univalence.SIP -- Univalence + preservation of structure
open import 1Lab.Univalence.SIP.Auto -- Derive is-univalent for families of types

open import 1Lab.Type.Pi -- Properties of dependent products
open import 1Lab.Type.Sigma -- Properties of dependent coproducts

open import 1Lab.HIT.Truncation -- Propositional truncation

open import 1Lab.Counterexamples.IsIso -- Counterexample: is-iso is not a prop
open import 1Lab.Counterexamples.Russell -- Counterexample: Russell's paradox
open import 1Lab.Counterexamples.Sigma -- Counterexample: Sigma is not prop


## Data types🔗

The Data namespace contains definitions of oft-used data types, which are fundamental to the rest of the development but not “basic type theory”. These modules contain (or re-export) the types themselves, useful operations on them, characterisation of their path spaces, etc.

The natural numbers have a lot of associated theory (number theory), so there are a lot of child modules of Data.Nat:

open import Data.Nat  -- The natural numbers
open import Data.Nat.Solver
-- Commutative semiring solver for equations in Nat

open import Data.Nat.DivMod -- Euclidean division
open import Data.Nat.Divisible -- Divisibility
open import Data.Nat.Divisible.GCD
-- The greatest common divisor, Euclid's algorithm

open import Data.Nat.Order -- Properties of ≤
open import Data.Nat.Properties -- Arithmetic properties


We also have a theory of finite sets:

open import Data.Fin
open import Data.Fin.Base -- The standard finite sets
open import Data.Fin.Finite -- Finiteness
open import Data.Fin.Closure -- Closure properties of finiteness
open import Data.Fin.Properties -- Properties of finite sets


Of similar importance is the type of integers:

open import Data.Int -- The integers (as a higher inductive type!)
open import Data.Int.Inductive -- Inductively-defined integers
open import Data.Int.Order -- ≤ on the integers
open import Data.Int.Universal -- A universal property of the integers


General constructions on sets:

open import Data.Set.Truncation -- Set truncations
open import Data.Set.Surjection -- Surjections of sets
open import Data.Set.Coequaliser -- Set coequalisers


Well-founded relations, well-founded trees and well-founded induction:

open import Data.Wellfounded.W -- Trees
open import Data.Wellfounded.Base -- Relations
open import Data.Wellfounded.Properties -- Properties of well-founded relations


And general data types:

open import Data.Sum  -- Coproduct types
open import Data.Dec  -- Decisions and decidable types
open import Data.Bool -- The booleans
open import Data.List -- Finite lists


We also consider “data types” to encompass properties of properties, or, more generally, predicates:

open import Data.Power -- Power sets
open import Data.Power.Complemented -- Complemented or decidable subobjects


# Category Theory🔗

In addition to providing a framework for the synthetic study of higher groupoids, HoTT also provides a natural place to develop constructive category theory, while still being compatible with classicality principles like the axiom of choice and/or the law of excluded middle. Here, we do not assume any classicality principles.

## Basics🔗

The main modules in the Cat namespace provide the foundation for the rest of the development, defining basic constructions like precategories themselves, functors, natural transformations, etc.

open import Cat.Base -- Precategories, functors, natural transformations
open import Cat.Solver -- Automatic solver for associativity problems
open import Cat.Morphism  -- Important classes of morphisms
open import Cat.Reasoning -- Categorical reasoning combinators


### Diagrams🔗

For convenience, we define a plethora of “concrete” universal diagrams, unpacking their definitions as limits or colimits. These are simpler to work with since they provide the relevant data with fewer layers of indirection.

open import Cat.Diagram.Congruence -- Internal equivalence relations

-- Colimits:
open import Cat.Diagram.Initial -- Initial objects
open import Cat.Diagram.Pushout -- Pushouts
open import Cat.Diagram.Coproduct -- Binary coproducts
open import Cat.Diagram.Coproduct.Copower -- Copowers
open import Cat.Diagram.Coequaliser -- Coequalisers
open import Cat.Diagram.Colimit.Base -- Conical colimits
open import Cat.Diagram.Colimit.Finite -- Finite colimits
open import Cat.Diagram.Coproduct.Indexed -- Indexed coproducts
open import Cat.Diagram.Coequaliser.RegularEpi -- Regular epimorphisms

-- Coends:
open import Cat.Diagram.Coend -- Coends
open import Cat.Diagram.Coend.Sets -- Concrete computation of coends in sets
open import Cat.Diagram.Coend.Formula -- A formula for computing coends

open import Cat.Diagram.Duals -- Dualisation of co/limits
open import Cat.Diagram.Image -- Image factorisations
open import Cat.Diagram.Sieve -- Subobjects of a Hom-functor
open import Cat.Diagram.Idempotent -- Idempotent morphisms

-- Limits
open import Cat.Diagram.Product -- Binary products
open import Cat.Diagram.Product.Finite -- n-Ary products
open import Cat.Diagram.Product.Solver
-- Automatic solving of equations in a Cartesian monoidal category

open import Cat.Diagram.Pullback -- Fibred products
open import Cat.Diagram.Terminal -- Terminal objects
open import Cat.Diagram.Equaliser -- Equalisers
open import Cat.Diagram.Limit.Base -- Conical limits
open import Cat.Diagram.Limit.Finite
open import Cat.Diagram.Limit.Product
open import Cat.Diagram.Limit.Pullback
open import Cat.Diagram.Limit.Equaliser
open import Cat.Diagram.Product.Indexed
open import Cat.Diagram.Equaliser.Kernel -- Kernels
open import Cat.Diagram.Pullback.Properties -- Properties of fibred products
open import Cat.Diagram.Equaliser.RegularMono -- Regular monomorphisms

open import Cat.Diagram.Monad.Limits -- Limits in Eilenberg-Moore categories

open import Cat.Diagram.Zero -- Zero objects


### Interesting morphisms🔗

There are a number of properties, constructions and classes of morphisms we can construct in any category.

open import Cat.Morphism.StrongEpi -- Strong epimorphisms
open import Cat.Morphism.Orthogonal -- Orthogonality
open import Cat.Morphism.Factorisation -- Factorisation systems
open import Cat.Morphism.Duality  -- Duality of morphism classes


## Functors🔗

This namespace has definitions of properties functors can have, utility modules for working with functors, the definition of full subcategories, and adjoint functors.

open import Cat.Functor.Base -- Compendium of functor properties
open import Cat.Functor.Dense -- Dense functors
open import Cat.Functor.Final -- Final functors
open import Cat.Functor.Slice -- Extending functors to slice categories
open import Cat.Functor.Pullback -- Base change, dependent sum, Σf ⊣ f*
open import Cat.Functor.Amnestic -- Functors which reflect univalence
open import Cat.Functor.Bifunctor -- Functors out of product categories
open import Cat.Functor.Conservative -- Functors which reflect isomorphisms
open import Cat.Functor.FullSubcategory -- Full subcategories


Helpers for working with functions in equational reasoning:

open import Cat.Functor.Reasoning
open import Cat.Functor.Reasoning.FullyFaithful


open import Cat.Functor.Equivalence -- Equivalences of (pre)categories
open import Cat.Functor.Equivalence.Path
-- Categories are identical by their equivalences
open import Cat.Functor.Equivalence.Complete -- Equivalences preserve completeness


open import Cat.Diagram.Monad -- Definition of monads
open import Cat.Functor.Adjoint.Reflective -- Reflective subcategories


open import Cat.Functor.Monadic.Beck  -- Beck's coequalisers


open import Cat.Functor.Kan -- Left Kan extensions
open import Cat.Functor.Kan.Right -- Right Kan extensions
open import Cat.Functor.Kan.Nerve -- The nerve/realisation adjunction
open import Cat.Functor.Kan.Global -- Global Kan extensions
open import Cat.Functor.Kan.Unique -- Uniqueness of Kan extensions


Properties of Hom-functors, and (direct) consequences of the Yoneda lemma:

open import Cat.Functor.Hom -- Hom functor, Yoneda embedding, Coyoneda lemma
open import Cat.Functor.Hom.Cocompletion -- Universal property of PSh(C)
open import Cat.Functor.Hom.Representable -- Representable functors


## Univalent categories🔗

In HoTT/UF, the word “category” is reserved for the precategories (what the rest of the world refers to as just “category”) in which isomorphic objects are indistinguishable, i.e. the categories which satisfy a version of the univalence axiom. Sometimes we also refer to these as “univalent categories” to make the distinction clear.

open import Cat.Univalent -- Basic properties of categories
open import Cat.Univalent.Rezk -- Free category on a precategory
open import Cat.Univalent.Rezk.Universal
-- Universal property of the Rezk completion
open import Cat.Univalent.Instances.Algebra
-- Eilenberg-Moore categories preserve univalence


## Category instances🔗

Category “instances” are constructions of, and proofs associated to, the construction of actual categories, rather than reasoning about categories in the abstract. We begin with some assorted constructions:

open import Cat.Instances.Elements -- Category of elements of a presheaf

open import Cat.Instances.Karoubi
-- Completion of a category under splitting of idempotents

open import Cat.Instances.Twisted
-- The twisted arrow category (used in computing co/ends)

open import Cat.Instances.Lift
-- Lifting a category to higher universes

open import Cat.Instances.Product -- Product categories


The construction and properties of functor categories:

-- Functor categories:
open import Cat.Instances.Functor
open import Cat.Instances.Functor.Limits -- Co/limits in functor categories
open import Cat.Instances.Functor.Duality -- 2-cell duality in Cat
open import Cat.Instances.Functor.Compose
-- Composition of functors is functorial (also whiskering natural
-- transformations)


Properties of the category of sets:

-- The category of sets:
open import Cat.Instances.Sets -- is univalent
open import Cat.Instances.Sets.Complete -- is complete
open import Cat.Instances.Sets.Cocomplete -- is cocomplete, with disjoint coproducts
open import Cat.Instances.Sets.Congruences -- has effective congruences
open import Cat.Instances.Sets.CartesianClosed -- and is locally cartesian closed


The category of polynomial functors:

open import Cat.Instances.Poly


A few concrete, tiny categories are classed as “diagram shapes”:

-- Diagram shapes:
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Join
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Cospan
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Interval
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Parallel
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Terminal
open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Isomorphism -- The walking isomorphism


Slice categories and comma objects:

open import Cat.Instances.Comma -- Comma categories
open import Cat.Instances.Slice -- Slice categories
open import Cat.Instances.Slice.Presheaf -- PSh(C)/X ≅ PSh(∫ X)
open import Cat.Instances.Comma.Univalent


Properties, constructions, and the category of strict categories:

-- Strict categories
open import Cat.Instances.StrictCat
open import Cat.Instances.StrictCat.Cohesive
-- ^ Strict category structure is a sort of "spatial" structure on a
-- set

open import Cat.Instances.Free
-- Free strict categories on a directed graph

open import Cat.Instances.FinSet
-- Skeleton of the category of finite sets

open import Cat.Instances.Simplex
-- Skeleton of the simplex category

open import Cat.Instances.Discrete -- Discrete categories
open import Cat.Instances.Delooping -- Delooping a monoid to give a category


## Allegories🔗

Allegories are abstractions of the nice properties that the category of relations enjoys. They are, strictly speaking, bicategories, but since they are locally posets, we have a definition of allegory free of all the extra coherence that is necessary for specifying a bicategory.

open import Cat.Allegory.Base -- The definition
open import Cat.Allegory.Maps -- Functional relations in an allegory
open import Cat.Allegory.Reasoning -- Reasoning combinators


## Displayed categories🔗

A category displayed over $\mathcal{B}$ is a particular concrete presentation of the bicategorical slice ${{\mathfrak{Cat}}}/\mathcal{B}$; that is, it is a better way of presenting the data of a category $\mathcal{E}$ and a functor $\mathcal{E} \to \mathcal{B}$.

In addition to the extensive use of displayed categories to model “pre-indexing” in the 1Lab, we also contain an in-progress formalisation of Foundations of Relative Category Theory.

open import Cat.Displayed.Base -- Displayed categories

open import Cat.Displayed.Total -- Total category of a displayed category
open import Cat.Displayed.Total.Free -- Free objects in a total category

open import Cat.Displayed.Total.Op -- Total opposite categories

open import Cat.Displayed.Fibre -- Fibre categories of a displayed category

open import Cat.Displayed.Univalence -- Univalence for displayed categories
open import Cat.Displayed.Univalence.Thin -- The structure identity principle

open import Cat.Displayed.Reasoning
-- Reasoning combinators for displayed categories

open import Cat.Displayed.Morphism
-- Important classes of morphisms in displayed categories

open import Cat.Displayed.Morphism.Duality
-- Duality of morphism classes in displayed categories

open import Cat.Displayed.Instances.Elements
-- The category of elements of a presheaf, instantiated as being
-- displayed over the domain.

open import Cat.Displayed.Composition
-- Composition of displayed categories


We can also investigate how displayed categories relate to other displayed categories (over the same base, or over different bases), and their higher groupoid structure:

open import Cat.Displayed.Path
open import Cat.Displayed.Functor


### Cartesian fibrations🔗

In the land of 1-categories, the notion of “indexed families of objects” is accurately captured by slice categories. But when we’re talking about the 2-category ${{\mathfrak{Cat}}}$, plain functors won’t do. In terms of displayed categories, we need to talk about Cartesian fibrations instead. These satisfy a property analogous to the existence of pullbacks, and they are precisely those which correspond to families $\mathcal{B} \to {{\mathfrak{Cat}}}$.

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian
-- Cartesian lifts, cartesian fibrations

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian.Weak
-- Weak cartesian morphisms

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian.Street
-- Street's fibrations

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian.Discrete
-- Discrete fibrations are presheaves

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian.Right
-- Fibrations in groupoids

open import Cat.Displayed.Cartesian.Indexing
-- Fibrations have pseudofunctorial reindexing.


Not to dwell on a vacuous concept, we also have constructions of Cartesian fibrations:

open import Cat.Displayed.Instances.Slice -- Canonical self-indexing
open import Cat.Displayed.Instances.Family -- Family fibration
open import Cat.Displayed.Instances.Pullback
-- Pullback of a displayed category by a functor
open import Cat.Displayed.Instances.Scone
-- We can consider *scones* over a category C with a terminal object as
-- forming a displayed category over C. Moreover, it's a Cartesian
-- fibration by construction.


### Cocartesian fibrations🔗

open import Cat.Displayed.Cocartesian
-- Cocartesian lifts, opfibrations

open import Cat.Displayed.Cocartesian.Weak
-- Weak cocartesian morphisms


## Bicategories🔗

The theory of bicategories, as isolated objects. Note that a comprehensive study of how bicategories interact with other bicategories is a tricategorical problem!

open import Cat.Bi.Base
-- Prebicategories, lax functors, pseudofunctors, lax transformations,
-- pseudonatural transformations, modifications, and the bicategory of
-- categories.
open import Cat.Bi.Instances.Spans
-- The prebicategory of spans in a precategory with pullbacks
open import Cat.Bi.Instances.Discrete
-- The locally discrete prebicategory associated to a precategory


### Diagrams in bicategories🔗

open import Cat.Bi.Diagram.Monad -- Monads in a bicategory


## Monoidal categories🔗

In addition to general bicategories, we also have bicategories with one object.

open import Cat.Monoidal.Base
open import Cat.Monoidal.Diagram.Monoid
open import Cat.Monoidal.Instances.Cartesian


## Homological algebra🔗

The theory of abelian (and Ab-enriched) categories in general, and specific constructions of abelian categories.

open import Cat.Abelian.Base -- Definition of the tower of Ab-enriched categories
open import Cat.Abelian.Endo -- Endomorphism rings
open import Cat.Abelian.Images  -- Image factorisations in abelian categories
open import Cat.Abelian.Limits  -- Finite biproducts in abelian categories
open import Cat.Abelian.Functor -- Ab-enriched functors

open import Cat.Abelian.Instances.Ab
-- The category of abelian groups
open import Cat.Abelian.Instances.Functor
-- Ab-enriched functor categories


## Topos theory🔗

Grothendieck topos theory developed constructively.

open import Topoi.Base -- Topoi, properties of topoi, geometric morphisms
open import Topoi.Reasoning  -- Exactness properties of topoi (cont'd), reasoning
open import Topoi.Classifying.Diaconescu
-- ^ Presheaf topoi classify flat functors on their site


# Order theory🔗

Order theory is, to the category theorist, the study of 0-categories: Those for which we have a (-1)-groupoid of morphisms between any two objects, i.e., those for which rather than having ${\mathbf{Hom}}$-sets, we have a $x \le y$ relation.

open import Order.Base -- Definitions
open import Order.Cat  -- Posets generate categories
open import Order.Reasoning -- Nice syntax for posets
open import Order.Displayed -- Displayed posets


For readability, we have diagrams in orders separate from diagrams in their generated categories:

open import Order.Diagram.Glb
open import Order.Diagram.Lub


Some order-theoretic structures are equivalently presented as algebraic structures: these are the lattices and related structures.

open import Order.Frame
open import Order.Lattice

open import Order.Semilattice
open import Order.Semilattice.Free
open import Order.Semilattice.Order


Examples of actual orders:

open import Order.Instances.Props -- Ω
open import Order.Instances.Lower -- Lower sets
open import Order.Instances.Subobjects -- Subobjects in a univalent category

open import Order.Instances.Pointwise -- The pointwise ordering on A→B
open import Order.Instances.Pointwise.Diagrams


# Algebra🔗

open import Algebra.Magma -- Binary operations
open import Algebra.Magma.Unital -- Operations with two-sided units
open import Algebra.Magma.Unital.EckmannHilton -- The Eckmann-Hilton argument

open import Algebra.Semigroup -- Semigroups (associative magmas)

open import Algebra.Monoid -- Monoids as unital semigroups
open import Algebra.Monoid.Category -- The category of monoids


## Group theory🔗

open import Algebra.Group -- Groups as monoids with inverses
open import Algebra.Group.NAry -- NAry sums on groups
open import Algebra.Group.Free -- Free groups
open import Algebra.Group.Action -- Group actions
open import Algebra.Group.Cayley -- Cayley's theorem
open import Algebra.Group.Cat.Base -- The category of groups
open import Algebra.Group.Cat.FinitelyComplete -- Finite limits in Groups
open import Algebra.Group.Subgroup -- Subgroups, images and kernels

open import Algebra.Group.Homotopy -- Homotopy groups
open import Algebra.Group.Homotopy.BAut
-- Delooping groupoids of automorphism groups

open import Algebra.Group.Ab -- Abelian groups, and the category Ab
open import Algebra.Group.Ab.Sum  -- Direct sum abelian groups
open import Algebra.Group.Ab.Free -- The free abelian group on a group


## Ring theory🔗

open import Algebra.Ring -- Rings
open import Algebra.Ring.Ideal -- Ideals in commutative rings
open import Algebra.Ring.Module -- Modules over a commutative ring
open import Algebra.Ring.Quotient -- Quotient rings
open import Algebra.Ring.Cat.Initial -- ℤ is the initial ring
open import Algebra.Ring.Commutative -- Commutative rings

open import Algebra.Ring.Module.Vec -- Finite direct sums of R as an R-module
open import Algebra.Ring.Module.Free -- Free R-modules as a HIT
open import Algebra.Ring.Module.Category -- The bifibration of Mod over Ring