module Homotopy.Space.Sphere where

The -1 and 0 Spheres🔗

In classical topology, the topological space SnS^n is typically defined as the subspace of Rn+1\mathbb{R}^{n+1} consisting of all points at unit distance from the origin. We see from this definition that the 00-sphere is the discrete two point space {1,1}R\{-1, 1\} \subset \mathbb{R}, and that the 1-1 sphere is the empty subspace {0}\varnothing \subset \{0\}. We will recycle existing types and define:

S⁻¹ : Type
S⁻¹ = 

S⁰ : Type
S⁰ = Bool

We note that S⁰ may be identified with Susp S⁻¹. Since the pattern matching checker can prove that merid x i is impossible when x : ⊥, the case for this constructor does not need to be written, this makes the proof look rather tautologous.

open is-iso

SuspS⁻¹≃S⁰ : Susp S⁻¹  S⁰
SuspS⁻¹≃S⁰ = ua (SuspS⁻¹→S⁰ , is-iso→is-equiv iso-pf) where
  SuspS⁻¹→S⁰ : Susp S⁻¹  S⁰
  SuspS⁻¹→S⁰ N = true
  SuspS⁻¹→S⁰ S = false

  S⁰→SuspS⁻¹ : S⁰  Susp S⁻¹
  S⁰→SuspS⁻¹ true = N
  S⁰→SuspS⁻¹ false = S

  iso-pf : is-iso SuspS⁻¹→S⁰
  iso-pf .inv = S⁰→SuspS⁻¹
  iso-pf .rinv false = refl
  iso-pf .rinv true = refl
  iso-pf .linv N = refl
  iso-pf .linv S = refl

n-Spheres🔗

The spheres of higher dimension can be defined inductively: Sn+1=ΣSnS^{n + 1} = \Sigma S^n, that is, suspending the nn-sphere constructs the n+1n+1-sphere.

The spheres are essentially indexed by the natural numbers, except that we want to start at 1-1 instead of 00. To remind ourselves of this, we name our spheres with a superscript n1^{n-1}:

Sⁿ⁻¹ : Nat  Type
Sⁿ⁻¹ zero = S⁻¹
Sⁿ⁻¹ (suc n) = Susp (Sⁿ⁻¹ n)

A slightly less trivial example of definitions lining up is the verification that Sⁿ⁻¹ 2 is equivalent to our previous definition of :

SuspS⁰≃S¹ : Sⁿ⁻¹ 2  
SuspS⁰≃S¹ = ua (SuspS⁰→S¹ , is-iso→is-equiv iso-pf) where

In Sⁿ⁻¹ 2, we have two point constructors joined by two paths, while in we have a single point constructor and a loop. Geometrically, we can picture a morphing Sⁿ⁻¹ 2 into by squashing one of the meridians down to a point, thus bringing N and S together. This intuition leads to a definition:

  SuspS⁰→S¹ : Sⁿ⁻¹ 2  
  SuspS⁰→S¹ N = base
  SuspS⁰→S¹ S = base
  SuspS⁰→S¹ (merid N i) = loop i
  SuspS⁰→S¹ (merid S i) = base

In the other direction, we send base to N, and then need to send loop to some path N ≡ N. Since this map should define an equivalence, we make it such that loop wraps around the space Sⁿ 2 by way of traversing both meridians.

  S¹→SuspS⁰ :   Sⁿ⁻¹ 2
  S¹→SuspS⁰ base = N
  S¹→SuspS⁰ (loop i) = (merid N  sym (merid S)) i
We then verify that these maps are inverse equivalences. One of the steps involves a slightly tricky hcomp, although this can be avoided by working with transports instead of dependent paths, and then by using lemmas on transport in pathspaces.
  iso-pf : is-iso SuspS⁰→S¹
  iso-pf .inv = S¹→SuspS⁰
  iso-pf .rinv base = refl
  iso-pf .rinv (loop i) =
    ap  p  p i)
      (ap SuspS⁰→S¹ (merid N  sym (merid S))  ≡⟨ ap-∙ SuspS⁰→S¹ (merid N) (sym (merid S))
      loop  refl                              ≡⟨ ∙-idr loop 
      loop                                     )
  iso-pf .linv N = refl
  iso-pf .linv S = merid S
  iso-pf .linv (merid N i) j = hcomp ( i   j) λ where
    k (k = i0)  merid N i
    k (i = i0)  N
    k (i = i1)  merid S (j  ~ k)
    k (j = i0)  ∙-filler (merid N) (sym (merid S)) k i
    k (j = i1)  merid N i
  iso-pf .linv (merid S i) j =
    merid S (i  j)