open import Algebra.Ring.Module.Action
open import Algebra.Group.Subgroup
open import Algebra.Ring.Module
open import Algebra.Group.Ab
open import Algebra.Group
open import Algebra.Ring

open import Cat.Displayed.Univalence.Thin
open import Cat.Displayed.Total
open import Cat.Prelude

open import Data.Power

import Algebra.Ring.Reasoning as Ringr

module Algebra.Ring.Ideal where

Ideals in rings🔗

An ideal in a ring $R$ is the $\mathbf{Ab}\text{-enriched}$ analogue of a sieve, when $R$ is considered as an $\mathbf{Ab}\text{-category}$ with a single object, in that it picks out a sub-$R\text{-module}$ of $R\text{,}$ considered as a representable module, in exactly the same way that a sieve on an object $x:\mathcal{C}$ picks out a subfunctor of $よ(x)\text{.}$ Since we know that $BR\text{’s}$ composition is given by $R\text{’s}$ multiplication, and sieves are subsets closed under precomposition, we instantly deduce that ideals are closed under multiplication.

In the $\mathbf{Ab}\text{-enriched}$ setting, however, there are some more operations that leaves us in the same $\mathbf{Hom}\text{-group:}$ addition! More generally, the abelian group operations, i.e. addition, inverse, and the zero morphism. Putting these together we conclude that an ideal in $R$ is a subset of $R$ containing the identity, which is closed under multiplication and addition.

module _ {ℓ} (R : Ring ℓ) where
  private module R = Ringr R

  record is-ideal (𝔞 : ℙ ⌞ R ⌟) : Type (lsuc ℓ) where
    no-eta-equality
    field
      has-rep-subgroup : represents-subgroup R.additive-group 𝔞

      -- Note: these are named after the side the scalar acts on.
      has-*ₗ : ∀ x {y} → y ∈ 𝔞 → (x R.* y) ∈ 𝔞
      has-*ᵣ : ∀ x {y} → y ∈ 𝔞 → (y R.* x) ∈ 𝔞

    open represents-subgroup has-rep-subgroup
      renaming ( has-unit to has-0 ; has-⋆ to has-+ ; has-inv to has-neg )
      public

    ideal→normal : normal-subgroup R.additive-group 𝔞
    ideal→normal .normal-subgroup.has-rep = has-rep-subgroup
    ideal→normal .normal-subgroup.has-conjugate {y = y} x∈𝔞 =
      subst (_∈ 𝔞) (sym (ap (y R.+_) R.+-commutes ∙ R.cancell R.+-invr)) x∈𝔞

    open normal-subgroup ideal→normal hiding (has-rep) public

Since an ideal is a subgroup of $R\text{’s}$ additive group, its total space inherits a group structure, and since multiplication in $R$ distributes over addition in $R\text{,}$ the group structure induced on $\mathfrak{a}$ carries a canonical $R\text{-module}$ structure.

  ideal→module : (𝔞 : ℙ ⌞ R ⌟) → is-ideal 𝔞 → Module R ℓ
  ideal→module 𝔞 x = g .fst , mod where
    open Ring-action
    open is-ideal x
    gr : Group-on _
    gr = rep-subgroup→group-on 𝔞 has-rep-subgroup

    g = from-commutative-group (el! _ , gr) λ x y → Σ-prop-path! R.+-commutes

    mod : Module-on R ⌞ g ⌟
    mod = Action→Module-on R {G = g .snd} λ where
      ._⋆_ r (a , b) → _ , has-*ₗ r b
      .⋆-distribl r x y → Σ-prop-path! R.*-distribl
      .⋆-distribr r s x → Σ-prop-path! R.*-distribr
      .⋆-assoc r s x    → Σ-prop-path! R.*-associative
      .⋆-id x           → Σ-prop-path! R.*-idl

Since a map between modules is a monomorphism when its underlying function is injective, and the first projection from a subset is always injective, we can quickly conclude that the module structure on $\mathfrak{a}$ is a sub-$R\text{-module}$ of $R\text{:}$

  ideal→submodule
    : {𝔞 : ℙ ⌞ R ⌟} (idl : is-ideal 𝔞)
    → ideal→module 𝔞 idl R-Mod.↪ representable-module R
  ideal→submodule {𝔞 = 𝔞} idl = record
    { mor   = ∫hom fst (record { linear = λ _ _ _ → refl })
    ; monic = λ {c = c} g h x → Structured-hom-path (R-Mod-structure R) $
      embedding→monic (Subset-proj-embedding λ _ → 𝔞 _ .is-tr) (g .fst) (h .fst) (ap fst x)
    }

Principal ideals🔗

Every element $a:R$ generates an ideal: that of its multiples, which we denote $(a)\text{.}$ You’ll note that we have to use the $\exists$ quantifier (rather than the $\sigma$ quantifier) to define $(a)\text{,}$ since in an arbitrary ring, multiplication by $a$ may fail to be injective, so, given $a,b:R$ $b=ca=c^{\prime }a\text{,}$ we can’t in general conclude that $c=c^{\prime }\text{.}$ Of course, in any ring, multiplication by zero is never injective.

Note that, since our ideals are all two-sided (for simplicity) but our rings may not be commutative (for expressiveness), if we want the ideal generated by an element to be two-sided, this element must be central: it must commute with every element of the ring.

  principal-ideal
    : (a : ⌞ R ⌟)
    → (central : ∀ x → a R.* x ≡ x R.* a)
    → is-ideal λ b → elΩ (Σ _ λ c → b ≡ c R.* a)
  principal-ideal a comm = record
    { has-rep-subgroup = record
      { has-unit = pure (_ , sym R.*-zerol)
      ; has-⋆    = λ x y → do
          (xi , p) ← x
          (yi , q) ← y
          pure (xi R.+ yi , ap₂ R._+_ p q ∙ sym R.*-distribr)
      ; has-inv  = λ x → do
          (xi , p) ← x
          pure (R.- xi , ap R.-_ p ∙ sym R.*-negatel)
      }
    ; has-*ₗ = λ x y → do
        (yi , q) ← y
        pure (x R.* yi , R.m.pushr q)
    ; has-*ᵣ = λ x y → do
        (yi , q) ← y
        pure ( yi R.* x
            , ap (R._* x) q ∙ R.m.extendr (comm x))
    }